Perundungan merupakan masalah serius di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak dan remaja yang mengalami perundungan dapat menghadapi dampak buruk jangka panjang. Namun, tidak semua korban perundungan menjadi berperilaku menyimpang atau terus mengalami hambatan dalam perkembangan pribadi mereka; sebagian orang justru tumbuh dan menjadi lebih dewasa dari pengalaman sulit tersebut, sebuah proses yang dikenal sebagai Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) atau pertumbuhan pascatrauma.

Tinjauan cakupan (scoping review) yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang memfasilitasi pertumbuhan pascatrauma. Tinjauan ini mengikuti pedoman PRISMA dan menggunakan tujuh basis data ilmiah utama: Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), Springer, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, dan Google Scholar. Setelah pencarian sistematis dilakukan, tujuh artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan maupun individu dapat mendorong atau menghambat pertumbuhan pascatrauma pada individu yang pernah mengalami perundungan. Tinjauan ini diharapkan dapat mendorong dan memajukan penelitian di masa depan mengenai pertumbuhan pascatrauma pada mereka yang pernah mengalami perundungan. Kata kunci: Tinjauan Cakupan, Determinan, Pertumbuhan Pascatrauma, Korban perundungan.

Secara keseluruhan, faktor-faktor penentu yang teridentifikasi tidak hanya memperkaya pemahaman saat ini mengenai pertumbuhan pascatrauma dalam konteks perundungan, tetapi juga menyoroti sejumlah implikasi praktis untuk mendukung individu yang pernah mengalami perundungan. Dalam lingkup klinis dan konseling, temuan ini mengisyaratkan bahwa pertumbuhan pascatrauma pada korban perundungan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai mekanisme yang saling berkaitan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa untuk memahami pertumbuhan setelah perundungan, perhatian perlu diberikan tidak hanya pada bagaimana individu menafsirkan pengalaman mereka secara kognitif, tetapi juga pada fungsi emosional serta konteks sosial tempat pemulihan berlangsung. Mengenali faktor-faktor yang saling berinteraksi ini dapat membantu merancang dukungan psikologis dan pendekatan yang berorientasi pada pemulihan bagi individu yang pernah mengalami perundungan.

Simpulan

Mengingat terbatasnya jumlah studi yang memenuhi kriteria dalam tinjauan ini, penelitian di masa mendatang diharapkan dapat memperluas kajian empiris mengenai pertumbuhan pascatrauma dalam konteks perundungan. Diperlukan studi primer tambahan yang mencakup beragam latar belakang budaya, kelompok usia, dan bentuk perundungan guna memperkuat dasar bukti serta memberikan pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif mengenai faktor-faktor penentu pertumbuhan pascatrauma.

Penulis: Prof. Dr. Nurul Hartini, S.Psi, M.Kes

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