The issue of corporate criminal liability is a subject of intense debate, generating varying approaches. Some States have rendered it possible for corporations to be held liable based on the ‘identification approach’, while others depend on the ‘organisational approach’. Although this sufficiently provides a solution for legal practitioners to address criminal liability for most crimes,
Climate change is a concern highly prioritized by the international community. The shared interest by the international community in addressing climate change led to the successful conclusion of the Paris Agreement in 2015. States have also openly expressed their commitment in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13: Climate Action by 2030. In this regard, Indonesia signed
This study analyzes the highly disruptive transportation business in Indonesia. This study uses critical qualitative methods with a combination of in-depth interviews with several key stakeholders and analyzing disruptive changes in the transportation business. The findings of this study are that trust, consistency, capital ownership and the closeness of newcomers to incumbents are important in
It is undeniable that the environment has been undergoing drastic changes since the mid-1990s and the situation has further escalated worldwide. To effectively combat the impact of climate change, various robust and strategic measures are being proposed and implemented at different levels (Tiep et al. 2021). The financial sector can play a significant role in
This study presents a detailed modelling and numerical simulation of Cu (In, Ga) Se2 (CIGS) solar cells using SCAPS-1D software. The research primarily focuses on exploring the effects of variations in the absorber layer’s bandgap and donor concentrations. Additionally, the study examines the influence of high defect state density on the overall device performance. In
The field of water and wastewater purification is experiencing significant growth, propelled by advancements in ceramic membrane technology. This innovative approach has been expanding at a steady rate of 12% annually due to its numerous inherent advantages. Ceramic membranes are highly stable under both chemical and thermal conditions, exhibit low fouling tendencies, and support long-term
Bioethanol, a renewable energy source, holds significant promise for reducing fossil fuel dependence. A recent study explored a hybrid pathway for producing bioethanol using lignocellulosic biomass, specifically empty fruit bunches (EFB) co-gasified with charcoal. This process, optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), presents a novel approach to syngas fermentation and bioethanol production within an integrated
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is a crucial physiological process involved in growth, development, and wound healing. It is also a significant factor in the progression of various diseases, including diabetes mellitus. In diabetic patients, particularly those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), angiogenesis is often impaired due to chronic
Crude oil is one of the non-renewable natural resources that is crucial for countries around the world in driving economic development. However, the availability of crude oil is decreasing over time. The high demand for crude oil results in scarcity which causes price fluctuations. Low oil prices can reduce state revenues, disrupt development programs, and
The exchange rate between currencies plays a crucial role in international trade and investment. It serves as a measure of commodity value in both domestic and foreign currencies, reflecting the economic conditions of a country. A higher exchange rate of one country’s currency against another often indicates stronger economic conditions in that country. We can
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